Lesson Tuesday

I'll be the first to admit it: the web pages we've made so far are pretty ugly. Let's learn our first CSS, which stands for Cascading Style Sheets. They're called cascading because often a single element on a webpage will have multiple sources that style it, and CSS resolves those differences to create the style you see on the screen. But we'll get into more of that later.

Note: if trying to make something look pretty is your idea of an awful time, don't worry, this isn't a design course! We're going to learn enough about styling to get you to the point where you can apply styles that other people develop without having to do any design yourself. And if you love design and want to learn more, I'll point you in the right direction at the end of this section.

Styling Text in my-first-webpage with CSS

For this exploration of CSS, let’s return to the favorite-things.html file within our my-first-webpage project folder.

Adding Inline Styles

The simplest way we can add style to our HTML is by adding a style attribute to any HTML element in the body of our document. For example, we can style our header element by giving it blue text:

favorite-things.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
  <title>Michael's favorite things</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1 style="color:blue">My favorite things</h1>

  ...

</body>
</html>

Now, if we refresh the page, our heading is blue!

Notice how we've added a style attribute to the <h1> tag:

  <h1 style="color:blue">My favorite things</h1>

This is called an inline style, because the CSS style is declared directly on our HTML element. We can add style attributes to any tag within and including the <body> tags. Since we've added the style attribute to the <h1> tag, it will only update the styles for that singular tag.

The value of the style attribute is always surrounded in quotes and includes one or more CSS declarations. A CSS declaration consists of a property and value. In our example, we have one property called color, which is set to a value blue.

If we want to add multiple properties, we need to separate them with a semicolon ;. Check out the following example that adds a hot pink background color to our <h1> tag:

favorite-things.html
  <h1 style="color:blue;background-color:hotpink">My favorite things</h1>

Now we have two CSS properties applied to our <h1> tag: color and background-color.

Exploring CSS Styles

There are many, many CSS properties our there, and each property can have many possible values. Generally the best way to learn about new CSS properties is by doing a general search on what you want to achieve with your styling. Here are some example searches:

  • "Center element on page with CSS"
  • "Change CSS font"
  • "Change width of image CSS"

Otherwise, you can peruse sites that contain large reference pages that list all CSS properties and possible values. There are many good resources out there. Here's two to explore in the practice projects that you build:

Organizing CSS Styles into Separate Files

Even though we can set inline styles for our HTML elements using the style attribute, it's best practice to list CSS styles in a separate file (with a .css extension) for these reasons:

  • We can set styles that apply to multiple elements.
  • When we separate our code into multiple files, it's easier to read and update.

Separate files that store CSS styles are called external stylesheet. At Epicodus, we'll primarily apply CSS styles to our sites using external stylesheets. The only cases when we'll use inline styles is when we update our webpage's styling with JavaScript and when we start styling React components, but we're not ready to learn about either of those cases.

Next, let's learn how to create an external stylesheet and connect it to our HTML.

First, remove the inline styles we've set in our HTML. Our <h1> tag should look like this again:

favorite-things.html
  <h1>My favorite things</h1>

Then, within the my-first-webpage project folder, make a folder called css inside of your my-first-webpage project folder. Create a new file in that css folder called styles.css.

Here's what our my-first-webpage directory structure should look like now:

directory structure with CSS folder

Next, we need to tell our HTML document to use the css/styles.css file for our website's CSS styles. To do this, we'll add a new <link> tag to the <head> tags of our document:

favorite-things.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
  <link href="css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
  <title>Michael's favorite things</title>
</head>
<body>
  ...
</body>
</html>

We're leaving out everything above and below the <head> tag for the sake of brevity.

HTML link elements direct our HTML document to load resources stored in separate files:

  • To specify where the resource is located, we give a value to the href attribute that contains the path to our file. Our href attribute contains css/styles.css as the value, because in relation to this favorite-things.html file, the styles.css file is in a subdirectory named css.
    • If the styles.css file were in the same directory as the favorite-things.html file, then the link would just be to "styles.css" rather than to "css/styles.css".
  • To describe what type of resource we're loading we specify two additional attributes:
    • rel specifies the relationship of the resource to our HTML document. In this case, the external resource is a stylesheet!
    • type specifies the media type of the resource. We list text/css because our resource is a CSS stylesheet.

Adding Our First CSS Rule

In our styles.css file, let's adapt our previous inline style into a CSS rule:

styles.css
h1 {
  color: blue;
}

What we just wrote is called a CSS rule:

  • The h1 part is called a selector, because it selects the HTML elements that the rule applies to.
  • The curly brackets { } indicate the start and end of the declaration block where we describe the styles of our CSS rule.
  • color is called a property, and blue is called a value.
  • The property and value together, like color: blue, is called a declaration.

Note, every declaration block can have multiple declarations separated by a semicolon ;. For example, if we added a hotpink background, our CSS rule would look like this:

h1 {
  color: blue;
  background-color: hotpink;
}

CSS Indentation and Spacing

Notice the indentation in the first rule we added: the property and value are indented two spaces, because they are inside the selector:

h1 {
  color: blue;
}

This follows the commonly held indentation and spacing convention for CSS, which has been determined to be the most readable. On your projects, your teachers will give you feedback on your CSS indentation and spacing based on whether or not it follows the common convention.

Examples of Poor CSS Indentation and Spacing

While we can write our CSS like this and get it to function:

/* This is poor indentation and spacing! Do not do this. */
h1{
color:blue;
}

Or like this:

/* This is poor indentation and spacing! Do not do this. */
h1 {color: blue;}

Neither example follows common indentation and spacing conventions.

Comments in CSS

You might be wondering about this syntax /* */ from the examples above: 

/* This is poor indentation and spacing! Do not do this.*/

This is what a comment looks like in CSS. We first discussed comments in the lesson on HTML indentation, spacing, and comments. As a refresher, comments are messages for humans to read — the machine ignores them so they don't get run as code.

Developers use comments to describe what their code does in short messages. In general, your code should speak for itself. That means when someone looks at your code, it should be self-explanatory such that you don't need a comment to explain it. However, this won't always be the case! For CSS, it's common to use comments to identify groups of rules that apply to one feature on a webpage. For example, if your webpage has a menu and a footer with two separate styles, in your CSS, you might use comments to separate the rules that belong to each feature. (Another solution to this is to have separate CSS files for each feature, but more on this later.)

Developers also use comments to "comment out" code that they don't want the program to run. This can be helpful in troubleshooting bugs in your CSS. Generally speaking, you shouldn't leave large blocks of code commented out in your projects.

There is a shortcut for commenting code out in VS Code. Simply highlight what you'd like to comment (or uncomment) and then hold down Command + / on Macs and CTRL + / on Windows. This will comment out the code if it's not commented and uncomment it if it is commented. Also, VS Code will automatically use the correct syntax for commenting for the language you are using.

Adding More CSS Rules

Let's add some more rules:

styles.css
h1 {
  color: blue;
  text-align: center;
}

h2 {
  font-style: italic;
  text-align: center;
}

p {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

ul {
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 30px;
}

This should be mostly self-explanatory, but here are a couple notes:

  • px is short for pixels, which are a unit of measurement.
  • Sans Serif is a kind of font.
  • Named colors, like the blue we used for our h1, aren't used very commonly. Instead, it's more typical to use a three- or six-digit hexadecimal code like this:
h1 {
  color: #00f;
}

or like this:

h1 {
  color: #0000ff;
}

Both of these are equivalent to the named color blue. If you use a graphics program, it usually can tell you the hex code for the colors you're using. There are also a lot of online tools for picking colors and getting their hex codes.

The Strength of CSS: Changing Styles in Many Places at Once

Finally, you might be wondering why we made our <h2>s italic in CSS instead of just adding the <em>, like we did with this rule:

h2 {
  font-style: italic;
  text-align: center;
}

The reason is two-fold. First, we can modify the <em> tag just like any other HTML tag. Remember, <em> stands for emphasize, and at some point, we might decide that things that need emphasis should be bolded in addition to being italicized, which we might not want for our <h2>s. Second, one of the great advantages of CSS is that it makes it easy to change styles in many places at once. Let's say we use an <em> tag inside our <h2>s to make them italic. If we later change our mind and want them to be bold, we have to remove all of the <em> tags and replace them with <strong> tags. By using CSS instead, we only have to change the one CSS rule, and every single <h2> on every single web page that uses this CSS file will be updated.

My apologies for the long lecture, but this last point is really important. Building web sites is fundamentally different from building physical things. When you finish building a bridge, you're more or less done: there's not much you can change besides a coat of paint. But when you finish building a website, you've only just begun. There will be additions, deletions, changes, redesigns, and a whole lot more. CSS gives us some powerful tools to make it easier to change what we've built. If you remember nothing else, remember this: good code is code that is easy to change.

To see the beauty of using CSS, check out CSS Zen Garden. On the right side of the page, clicking one of the links will apply a different stylesheet to the same HTML. The page is totally transformed — no changes to the HTML needed. While experienced designers built these pages, they can also be a starting point for CSS in your own sites.

If you're following along and your CSS file isn't actually adding styles to your web page, see the next lesson, which introduces debugging.

Terminology

  • CSS: Stands for Cascading Style Sheets. A language used to program the visual appearance of HTML elements.

  • Rule: A block of CSS that details particular stylistic instructions to be applied to an HTML element.

  • Selector: The part of a CSS rule that determines which HTML elements the rule applies to.

  • Declaration Block: Designated by curly brackets { }, this is where we define the CSS styles.

  • Property: The characteristic a CSS rule is altering. (For example, color, or font-size).

  • Value: The attribute a CSS rule is applying to the specified property.

  • Declaration: The combination of a property and value together, for example color: blue; every declaration block can have multiple declarations separated by a semicolon ;.

Inline Styles Examples

  • Inline Styles: CSS styles listed directly within the HTML body. To add inline styles, you need to add a style attribute to the element that you wish to style.
    • Note: We won't use inline styles frequently.
  <h1 style="color:blue;background-color:hotpink">My favorite things</h1>

External Stylesheet Examples

  • External Stylesheet: CSS styles listed in a separate .css file.
  • Even though we can set inline styles for our HTML elements using the style attribute, it's best practice to list CSS styles in a separate file (with a .css extension) for these reasons:
    • We can set styles that apply to multiple elements.
    • When we separate our code into multiple files, it's easier to read and update.

Linking to an External Stylesheet from HTML Document

To tell an HTML document to use a css/styles.css file for your website's CSS styles, add a new <link> tag to the <head> tags of our document:

favorite-things.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
  <link href="css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
  <title>Michael's favorite things</title>
</head>
<body>
  ...
</body>
</html>

HTML Link elements direct our HTML document to load resources stored in separate files:

  • To specify where the resource is located, we give a value to the href attribute that contains the path to our file. Our href attribute contains css/styles.css as the value, because in relation to this favorite-things.html file, the styles.css file is in a subdirectory named css.
    • If the styles.css file were in the same directory as the favorite-things.html file, then the link would just be to "styles.css" rather than to "css/styles.css".
  • To describe what type of resource we're loading we specify two additional attributes:
    • rel specifies the relationship of the resource to our HTML document. In this case, the external resource is a stylesheet!
    • type specifies the media type of the resource. We list text/css because our resource is a CSS stylesheet.

Example CSS Rules in an External Stylesheet

styles.css
h1 {
  color: #0000ff;
  text-align: center;
}

h2 {
  font-style: italic;
  text-align: center;
}

p {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

ul {
  font-size: 20px;
  line-height: 30px;
}

In the code above...

  • Each individual block is a rule.
  • h1, h2, p, and ul are all selectors.
  • color, text-align, font-style, font-family, font-size and line-height are all properties.
  • blue, center, italic, sans-serif, 20px and 30px are all values.
  • The entire file styles.css is a stylesheet.

Additional Resources

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